cfa80ad2-98eb-421f-a237-dd41dba6ab70Semichemical Fluting 2018; substitution EoLtechnology mix, thermal energy sold/used externallyproduction mix, at plant0.09 kg waste paper input per kg Semichemical FlutingPaperMaterials productionPaper and cardboardsThis dataset is the interpretation of Sphera Solutions GmbH from a report published 2018 by FEFCO describing in detail the LCA of a Semichemical Fluting unit process. The FEFCO unit process is introduced into the GaBi database with minor changes and connected to upstream processes (material and energy) and waste treatment processes of the GaBi database.
The data set covers all relevant process steps / technologies over the supply chain of the represented cradle to gate inventory with a very good overall data quality. The inventory is based on industry data and is completed, where necessary, by secondary data. This data set is based on primary data from internationally adopted production processes, connected with regional precursor chains.
The dataset is partly aggregated, the waste paper input used for this process shall be connected to an appropriate source when using this dataset. The Semichemical Fluting represents a corrugated base paper based on mostly primary fiber and a very small part of waste paper/recovered paper:
- for the primary fiber share, the incorporation of carbon dioxide from biogenic sources and as well the renewable primary energy are included.
- for the waste paper share, as this dataset shall be used for avoided burden End of Life scenario cases, the incorporation of carbon dioxide from biogenic sources and as well the renewable primary energy are not included.
Please keep in mind that this dataset contains biogenic carbon stored in the output product. Therefore, after the saturation of the waste input flow(s) you have to check the C-balance again. If it is necessary, the C-balance needs to be corrected according to the GaBi Modelling Principles.0The data set represents the European specific situation, focusing on the main technologies, the region specific characteristics and / or import statistics.Foreground system:
Please refer to the FEFCO report "FEFCO, Cepi Container Board: European database for corrugated board life cycle studies, 2018"
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Timber spruce (65% moisture)Timber pine (40% H2O content)Magnesium sulphate (agrarian)Electricity grid mixPeat miningHard coal mixNatural gas mixDiesel mix at refineryLight fuel oil at refineryHeavy fuel oil at refinery (1.0wt.% S)Sodium sulphateLimestone (CaCO3; washed)Hydrochloric acid mix (100%)Cellulose fibre blowing insulation material (EN15804 A1-A3)Aluminium sulphate (approximation)Ammonium chloride (Salmiac, Solvay-process)Antifoaming agent (ethoxylate fatty alcohols)DyesTap water from groundwaterMethyl celluloseLime (CaO; quicklime lumpy)Dodecanoic acid (Lauric acid)Hydrogen peroxide (100%; H2O2) (Hydrogen from steam reforming)Soda (Na2CO3)Sodium chlorate (from sodium chloride)Steel sheet 1.5mm EG (0.01mm Zn; 1side)Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) mix (100%)Oxygen (gaseous)Herbicide unspecificSulphuric acid (96%)Carbon dioxide (CO2) by-product ammonia (NH3) (economic allocation)Thermal energy from natural gasCommercial waste in municipal waste incineration plantMunicipal waste water treatment (mix)Paper grade used as part of a corrugated board systemrenewables_fefco_overview_corrugated box.jpgPartly terminated systemAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - exergetic contentAllocation - massSubstitution - specificForeground system:
Subdidvision for thermal energy generated as by-product --> no allocation necessary
Electricity looped back to the Semichemical Fluting process --> internal use assumed
Allocation by mass between semichemical and the by-products Tall oil and Turpentine. Influence of the allocation on the results very low, since only small amount of by-products are produced
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.Direct land use change: GHG emissions from direct LUC allocated to good/service for 20 years after the LUC occurs.
Carbon storage and delayed emissions: credits associated with temporary (carbon) storage or delayed emissions are not considered in the calculation of the Global Warming Potential impacts for the default impact categories.
Emissions off-setting: not included
Fossil and biogenic carbon emissions and removals: removals and emissions are modelled as follows: All GHG emissions from fossil fuels (including peat and limestone) are modelled consistently with the ILCD list of elementary flows. In the case that the emissions refer to the molecules CO2 and CH4, they are modelled as ‘carbon dioxide (fossil)’ and ‘methane (fossil)’. Biogenic uptake and emissions are modelled separately. For land use change, all carbon emissions and uptakes are inventoried separately for each of the elementary flows. Soil carbon accumulation (uptake) via improved agricultural management is excluded from the model.NoneCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95% of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98% of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgment).NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent.NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneFEFCO DatabaseGaBi databases85.02017noneThe dataset is partly aggregated, the waste paper input used for this process shall be connected to an appropriate source when using this dataset. The Semichemical Fluting represents a corrugated base paper based on mostly primary fiber and a very small part of waste paper/recovered paper:
- for the primary fiber share, the incorporation of carbon dioxide from biogenic sources and as well the renewable primary energy are included.
- for the waste paper share, as this dataset shall be used for substitution End of Life scenario cases, the incorporation of carbon dioxide from biogenic sources and as well the renewable primary energy are not included.All relevant flows quantifiedThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.Sphera Solutions GmbHIABP-GaBiFraunhofer IBPOverall quality according to different validation schemes
GaBi = 1,7 interpreted into "good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation scheme
ILCD = 1,8 interpreted into "basic overall quality" in the ILCD quality validation scheme
PEF = 1,7 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the PEF quality validation schemeThe dataset and systems, which are provided with our software and databases for public use into a broad user community, are constantly used, compared, benchmarked, screened, reviewed and results published in various external, professional and third party LCA applications in industry, academia and politics. So user feedback via the online GaBi forum or direct via user information is a standard routine in the maintenance and update process and leads to stable quality and constant control and improvement of data, if knowledge or technology improves or industrial process chains develop or change.GaBi user forumGaBi bug forumGaBi user communityGaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedFully compliantFully compliantNot definedFully compliantNot definedSphera Solutions GmbHThis background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.Sphera Solutions GmbH2022-03-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2022-03-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesSphera Solutions GmbHtrueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Semichemical FlutingOutput1.01.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryCalculatedvaluable