731ffaa1-9bf5-41cf-bf5a-f9839a7fb3a1Fabricated hot-rolled structural steel sections - Amer. Inst. of Steel Construction (AISC) (A1-A3)fabricationproduction mix, at plantFabricated structural steel sectionFabricated hot-rolled structural steel sectionsSystemsConstructionThis dataset represents the cradle-to-gate production of fabricated hot-rolled structural steel sections. It contains the results for the modules A1-A3 according to EN 15804. It includes the production of hot-rolled structural steel sections from the precursor materials through to raw material extraction and processing, their transport to the factory and the fabrication itself, including the provision of all supplies and ancillary materials, energy, and the complete waste treatment or the residual waste during the stage of production.
A comparison with other products is only allowed by a similar application in the building. In principle, a comparison or evaluation of EPD data is only possible if all the datasets are created to be compared to EN 15804 and the product-specific features are considered.0The data represents hot-rolled structural sections fabricated in the United States from structural sections produced in North America via electric arc furnace (EAF).Foreground system:
Structural steel fabrication involves detailing, material handling, cutting, drilling, fit-up, welding, and bolting of structural steel—in particular, hot-rolled structural sections, steel plate, and hollow structural sections—in order to prepare it for installation in a building, bridge, or industrial application.
The major input to the fabrication process is the structural steel itself; however small amounts of process materials are needed, such as lubricants for the machines as well as welding, drilling, and cutting supplies (i.e., gases and electrodes). Energy is also needed to perform the manufacturing and move the materials. Some facilities also conduct surface preparation using mechanical or compressed air blasting in order to clean the surface and prepare it for coating. Surface preparation for the application of coatings, the coatings themselves, and galvanization are not included in the scope of this report.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Hot rolled structural steel sectionsfabricated steel profile for construction applicationsconstruction_us_fabricated_structural_steel.jpgLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - massAllocation - other explicit assignmentFabrication data are allocated between structural and non-structural fabrication according to shop hours.
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.
For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"Direct land use change: GHG emissions from direct LUC allocated to good/service for 20 years after the LUC occurs.
Carbon storage and delayed emissions: credits associated with temporary (carbon) storage or delayed emissions are not considered in the calculation of the Global Warming Potential impacts for the default impact categories.
Emissions off-setting: not included
Fossil and biogenic carbon emissions and removals: removals and emissions are modelled as follows: All GHG emissions from fossil fuels (including peat and limestone) are modelled consistently with the ILCD list of elementary flows. In the case that the emissions refer to the molecules CO2 and CH4, they are modelled as ‘carbon dioxide (fossil)’ and ‘methane (fossil)’. Biogenic uptake and emissions are modelled separately. For land use change, all carbon emissions and uptakes are inventoried separately for each of the elementary flows. Soil carbon accumulation (uptake) via improved agricultural management is excluded from the model.NoneEN15804GaBi Modelling PrinciplesCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95% of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98% of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgment). Only packaging materials (e.g. steel banding, dunnage, etc.) were excluded from the analysis.NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent.NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneGaBi databases57.0Fabrication data were collected from member companies of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Of AISC's 900+ fabrication members, 272 members contributed data. These members represented around 57% by mass of structural steel fabricated.Not applicable2013 - 2014NoneA1-A3: The environmental profile represents cradle-to-gate (module A1-A3) of fabricated structural sections. It excludes surface preparation for the application of coatings -- in particular mechanical and compressed air blasting -- the coatings themselves, and galvanization.All relevant flows quantifiedThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.
Sphera Solutions GmbHULAISCThis EPD dataset represents the specific product, producer and phase of the life cycle incated in the name of the data set. Basically, an evaluation of EPD data is only possible if all the data sets to be compared were created according to EN 15804 and the building context, respectively the product-specific characteristics of performance, are taken into account.Sphera Solutions GmbH2022-03-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2022-03-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasestrueOtherThe EPD owner has agreed to add LCI information corresponding to the EPD to the GaBi databases. The data set can be used free of charge by anybody to perform LCA studies with GaBi software and databases. Any use of the LCI data outside of the GaBi software and databases should not be considered before having received any written permission from Sphera. GaBi (source code, database including extension databases modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Steel sections, fabricatedOutput1.01.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryMeasuredvaluable