3d14509a-d8c6-4996-9366-47bfb22e7d8eFacing bricks/clinker bricks/quater bricks (BV Ziegel) (A1-A3)clay extraction, clay preparation, burningsingle producer, at plantraw density 900 - 2500 kg/m3SystemsConstructionThe supporting analysis behind this dataset was conducted according to facing bricks/clinker bricks/quater bricks published by "Bauen mit Backstein".
This dataset represents cradle-to-gate production (i.e. modules A1-A3 according to EN 15804). It includes resource extraction and processing in order to manufacture intermediate materials; inbound transportation of the intermediate materials to the manufacturing facility; and the manufacturing of the product itself, including the provision of all supplies and ancillary materials, energy, and waste treatment of residual manufacturing waste.0Bauen mit Backstein
Zweischalige Wand Marketing e. V.
Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 4
53113 Bonn
GermanyForeground system:
After the extraction of clay in open- pit mining, the clay is transported to intermediate storage at the processing plant. The mechanical processing such as grinding and mixing is carried out by using pan mills and rolls. The basic materials are mixed in a defined composition, grinded and humidified. This is followed by storage in a mud house. After further water addition, the clay is pressed into the desired shape. The pressed material goes to a drier which is powered by the waste heat of the tunnel kiln. The drying time varies depending on the formate and the raw density, it can be around 48 hours. The dried clay blanks are then burned in a tunnel kiln at 900- 1250°C and 24- 48 hours. The bricks are piled and welded into a recyclable PE foil. Most of the quarter bricks are packed in cardboard boxes. The energy consumption of brick production is dominated by the burning and the drying step. Electrical energy is mainly consumed for clay processing.
Polyethylene foils, paper and cardboard are recyclable. Non- contaminated PE foils (correctly sorted fractions are necessary) and returnable wooden pallets can be resent to the construction material store (pledge is obtained for pallets), then to the brick plant. From there, PE foils are sent to the foil production plant for recycling. In Germany, paper, cardboard and PE foils can also be sent to waste management companies.
Brick fragments from the construction site can be disposed without any environmental problems, if recycling is not practicable. Because bricks are chemically stable/ inert, they can be stored on landfills of landfill class I and in pits according to Z 1.1. The waste key is “AVV 17 01 02 Ziegel /Abfallverzeichnisverordnung/”.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity from renewable and non- renewable powerplants is modelled so that it represents a country’s specific consumption mix including transmission / distribution losses, own consumption, imports, emissions and efficiency standards, and energy carrier properties. Several factors are taken into account. (1) Energy carrier production - The exploration, mining / production, processing, and transportation of energy carrier supply chains are modelled for each country. The models account for differences among countries in production and processing, including crude oil production technologies, flaring rates, production efficiencies, emissions, etc. (2) Energy carrier supply - Each country’s specific energy carrier supply is modelled, taking into account domestic supply versus imports from abroad. Energy carrier properties (e.g. carbon and energy content), which can vary depending from where an energy carrier is sourced, are adjusted accordingly. (3) Power plants - Models are created to represent energy carrier-specific power plants and electricity generation facilities specific to different renewable energy resources. Energy carrier production and supply models are used to represent power plant inputs. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants are also considered. (4) Electricity grid - Models representing the electricity generation facilities are combined into a larger model that reflects a country’s consumption mix. The larger model accounts for a country’s production mix, internal consumption (e.g. pumped storage for hydro power), transmission / distribution losses, and imported electricity. The country model is also adjusted according to national power plant emission and efficiency standards, as well as the country’s share of electricity plants versus CHP facilities.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled to reflect each country’s emission standards and typical energy carriers (e.g., coal, natural gas, etc.) Both thermal energy and process steam are assumed to be produced at heat plants. Thermal energy datasets assume energy carrier inputs are converted to thermal energy with 100% efficiency; process steam datasets assume conversion efficiencies of 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to each country’s import situation (see electricity above).
Transportation: All relevant and known transportation processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers and their respective properties are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model aims to represent each country’s refining processes (e.g. emissions levels, internal energy consumption, etc.), as well as the country’s product output spectrum, which can vary significantly among countries. The supply of crude oil is likewise modelled according to the country-specific situation and accounts for differences in resource properties (e.g., crude oil energy content).Facing bricks are used as brickwork in exterior double- layer walls or as brickwork in the interior. Clinker bricks are used for pavement construction and for interior walls. Quarter bricks are glued onto wall constructions as exterior and interior claddings.LCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - exergetic contentAllocation - massForeground system: In the brick production process, a small amount of secondary material (ca. 3%) in form of brick fragments is used. These pass the system without any burdens. Transports are taken into account. In the End of Life, secondary materials are not credited. On the output site, a small amount of brick fragments (ca. 5%) is produced. About a third of the fragments can be grinded and re- used. These fragments remain in the A1-A3phase (closed loop). A part of the fragments is used for filler applications (page 2.15). It leaves the system boundary without any values and burdens.
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.
For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"Foreground system: none
Background system: All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Energy Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Refinery Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Agriculture Model DocumentationGaBi Land Use Change Model DocumentationCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95 % of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98 % of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgement).
For further details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent. For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneGaBi databasesIBU-Deklaration: Vormauerziegel, Pflasterziegel und Riemchen95.0Not applicableAdjustNoneA1- A3: The dataset represents the cradle-to-gate environmental profile of the product, including packaging production. Results should align with the published EPD.No statementCML2001 - Apr. 2013, Abiotic Depletion (ADP elements)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Abiotic Depletion (ADP fossil)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Acidification Potential (AP)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Eutrophication Potential (EP)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot. (FAETP inf.)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years), excl biogenic carbonCML2001 - Apr. 2013, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), Land Use Change only, no norm/weightCML2001 - Apr. 2013, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), excl bio. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightCML2001 - Apr. 2013, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), incl bio. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightCML2001 - Apr. 2013, Human Toxicity Potential (HTP inf.)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot. (MAETP inf.)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)CML2001 - Apr. 2013, Terrestric Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP inf.)The LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040, 14044 and EN15804. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.
Sphera Solutions GmbHOverall quality according to different validation schemes
GaBi = 1,3 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation schemeThe EPD has been verified by an independent reviewer, who was organized by the IBU.IBUGaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedThis background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.Sphera Solutions GmbH2022-03-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2022-03-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedtrueOtherThe EPD owner has agreed to add LCI information corresponding to the EPD to the GaBi databases. The data set can be used free of charge by anybody to perform LCA studies with GaBi software and databases. Any use of the LCI data outside of the GaBi software and databases should not be considered before having received any written permission from Sphera. GaBi (source code, database including extension databases modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Facing bricks/clinker bricks/quater bricksOutput1000.01000.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivationvaluable